Gotta say -
- I like the spirit in that statement!
You will actually be using Thermocouples for this? I know what they are and have replaced them before, but I don’t know how they work electrically.
Your circuit looks overly complicated on the peltier/thermocouple side of things. I don’t know how, but I think it could be reduced and simplified…
I don’t know the LCD you are using, look into a common 16x2 LCD display.
https://www.adafruit.com/product/181
Uses quite a few pins on the UNO to use it, but it works and you are not using many pins.
The buck converter isn’t needed. A simple 5vdc voltage regulator will handle the job, with a couple of capacitors added in.
Anyway, that’s my 2 cents…
Randy